I. INTRODUCTION　1

II. FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT　3
　Chapter 1. Intent to be Bound　3
　　LUCY v. ZEHMER　4
　　LEO F. PIAZZA PAVING CO. v. BEBEK & BRKICH　8
　　LEONARD v. PEPSICO, INC.　12
　　KOLODZIEJ v. MASON　16
　Chapter 2. What is an Offer?　22
　　SEARLES v. TRUSTEES OF ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE　23
　　LEFKOWITZ v. GREAT MINNEAPOLIS SURPLUS STORE, INC.　25
　　IZADI v. MACHADO (GUS) FORD, INC.　27
　　DYNO CONST. CO. v. McWANE, INC.　30
　Chapter 3. What is an Acceptance?　35
　　(a) Mirror Image Rule　37
　　　ARDENTE v. HORAN　37
　　　GRESSER v. HOTZLER　40
　　(b) Battle of Forms　44
　　　DORTON v. COLLINS & AIKMAN CORP.　44
　　　C. ITOH (AMERICA) INC. v. JORDAN INT’L CO.　48
　　　BAYWAY REFINING CO. v. OXYGENATED MARKETING & TRADING A.G.　52
　　(c) Methods of Acceptance　59
　　　MORRISON v. THOELKE　59
　　　WORMS v. BURGESS　66
　　　RAGOSTA v. WILDER　70
　　　DAVIS v. JACOBY　72
　　　DeARMOND v. HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC.　78
　　　FELDMAN v. GOOGLE, INC.　84
　Chapter 4. Duration of the Power of Acceptance　91
　　(a) Revocation by Offeror　94
　　　DICKINSON v. DODDS　94
　　　MD DRILLING AND BLASTING, INC. v. MLS CONST., LLC　96
　　(b) Expiration or Lapse of the Offer　99
　　　AKERS v. SEDBERRY　99
　　　22 WEST MAIN ST., INC. v. BOGUSZEWSKI　102
　　(c) Other Events Terminate the Power of Acceptance　104
　　　FAMILY VIDEO MOVIE CLUB, INC. v. HOME FOLKS, INC.　104
　　(d) Offer as Option Contract and Firm Offer　108
　　　1464-EIGHT, LTD. v. JOPPICH　108
　　　MID-SOUTH PACKERS, INC. v. SHONEY’S, INC.　113
　Chapter 5. Can Silence be Treated as Acceptance?　116
　　(a) Silence as Acceptance?　117
　　　PRIDE v. LEWIS　117
　　　MOORE v. KUEHN　121
　　(b) Implied-in-Fact and Implied-In-Law Contract　124
　　　SYMONS v. HEATON　124
　　　FERROUS PRODUCTS CO., INC. v. GULF STATES TRADING CO., INC.　127
　　　MATTER OF ESTATE OF ZENT　130

III. BASIS FOR ENFORCING THE CONTRACT　135
　Chapter 1. Consideration　135
　　Section 1. Definition and Purpose of Consideration　136
　　　SCHNELL v. NELL　137
　　　HAMER v. SIDWAY　139
　　　BAEHR v. PENN-O-TEX OIL CORP.　142
　　　LABRIOLA v. POLLARD GROUP, INC.　144
　　　FIRST WISCONSIN NATIONAL BANK v. OBY　150
　　　BOB ACRES, LLC v. SCHUMACHER FARMS, LLC　153
　　Section 2. Adequacy or Value of Consideration　156
　　　LINGENFELDER v. THE WAINWRIGHT BREWING CO.　158
　　　COHEN v. SABIN　160
　　　HARRINGTON v. HARRINGTON　163
　　　PICK KWIK FOOD STORES, INC. v. TENSER　166
　　　RACCOON VALLEY STATE BANK v. GRATIAS　167
　　　LARSON v. GREEN TREE FINANCIAL CORP.　170
　Chapter 2. Promissory Estoppel　176
　　HOFFMAN v. RED OWL STORES, INC.　177
　　WHEELER v. WHITE　182
　　D & G STOUT, INC. v. BACARDI IMPORTS, INC.　185
　　MARKER v. PREFERRED FIRE INS. CO.　190
　　RAGOSTA v. WILDER　193
　Chapter 3. Mistakes　194
　　SHERWOOD v. WALKER　195
　　DOVER POOL & RACQUET CLUB v. BROOKING　199
　　NELSON v. RICE　201
　　SUMEREL v. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.　205
　　DONOVAN v. RRL CORP.　211
　Chapter 4. Capacity to Contract　216
　　ROBERTSON v. KING　217
　　MULLER v. CES CREDIT UNION　220
　　ORTELERE v. TEACHERS’ RETIREMENT BOARD　223
　　HERNANDEZ v. BANKS　226
　Chapter 5. Must the Agreement be Fair?　234
　　Section 1. Lacking of Free Consent　234
　　　CROSS v. LEDFORD　235
　　　FOX v. PIERCEY　239
　　　S.P. DUNHAM & CO. v. KUDRA　245
　　　RICH & WHILLOCK, INC. v. ASHTON DEVELOPMENT, INC.　246
　　　BERARDI v. MEADOWBROOK MALL CO.　249
　　　DUNES HOSPITALITY, LLC v. COUNTRY KITCHEN INT’L, INC.　252
　　　IN RE ESTATE OF WADE　255
　　Section 2. The Adhesion Contract and Unconscionability　261
　　　WILLIAMS v. WALKER-THOMAS FURNITURE CO.　262
　　　MAXWELL v. FIDELITY FINANCIAL SERVICE, INC.　264
　　　WISCONSIN AUTO TITLE LOANS, INC. v. JONES　270
　Chapter 6. Illegality　278
　　OLSON v. MOLZEN　278
　　CENTRAL ADJUSTMENT BUREAU, INC. v. INGRAM　282
　　McCONNELL v. COMMONWEALTH PICTURES CORP.　290

IV. INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTRACT　293
　Chapter 1. Parol Evidence Rule　293
　　YOCCA v. PITTSBURGH STEELERS SPORTS, INC.　294
　　STATE EX REL. MISSOURI HIGHWAY AND TRANSP. COMMISSION v. MARYVILLE LAND PARTNERSHIP　300
　　McGUIRE v. SCHNEIDER, INC.　308
　　SNYDER v. HERBERT GREENBAUM & ASSOCIATES, INC.　312
　Chapter 2. Interpretation　316
　　C & A CONST. CO. v. BENNING CONST. CO.　317
　　SPECTRUM ENTERPRISES, INC. v. HELM CORP.　324
　　PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC CO. v. G. W. THOMAS DRAYAGE & RIGGING CO.　326
　　TRIDENT CENTER v. CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INS. CO.　328
　　FRIGALIMENT IMPORTING CO. v. B.N.S. INT’L SALES CORP.　334
　Chapter 3. Reasonable Expectations — Ignoring the Words　339
　　C & J FERTILIZER, INC. v. ALLIED MUTUAL INS. CO.　339
　　MAX TRUE PLASTERING CO. v. U.S. FIDELITY AND GUAR. CO.　347
　　DEVCON INT’L. CORP. v. RELIANCE INS. CO.　352

V. PERFORMANCE, NONPERFORMANCE, AND DEFENSES　359
　Chapter 1. Conditions　359
　　Section 1. In General　359
　　　MERRITT HILL VINEYARDS v. WINDY HEIGHTS VINEYARD　360
　　　OPPENHEIMER & CO. v. OPPENHEIM, APPEL, DIXON & CO.　362
　　　DORN v. STANHOPE STEEL, INC.　367
　　　VUAGNIAUX v. KORTE　373
　　　PITTMAN v. CANHAM　376
　　　K & G CONSTRUCTION CO. v. HARRIS　379
　　Section 2. Waiver of Condition　385
　　　MENDOZA v. COMSAT CORP.　385
　　　CLARK v. WEST　391
　　　ROSE v. MITSUBISHI INT’L. CORP.　395
　　Section 3. Condition of Satisfaction　399
　　　PENNINGTON v. HOWLAND　399
　　　GOLDEN v. WORLDVISION ENTERPRISES, INC.　402
　　　MORIN BLDG. PRODUCTS CO., INC. v. BAYSTONE CONST., INC.　404
　　Section 4. Strict Compliance of the Condition?　408
　　　GULF CONST. CO., INC. v. SELF　408
　　　JACKSON v. HOLMES　413
　　　ARVILLA MOTEL, INC. v. SHRIVER　416
　Chapter 2. Performance, Nonperformance and Anticipatory Breach　419
　　Section 1. Substantial Performance　419
　　　FORMIGLI CORP. v. FOX　420
　　　RAMIREZ v. AUTOSPORT　426
　　　Section 2. Nonpayment　432
　　　PLOTNICK v. PENNSYLVANIA SMELTING & REFINING CO.　433
　　　CASSIDY PODELL LYNCH, INC. v. SNYDERGENERAL CORP.　436
　　Section 3. Potential Nonpayment　442
　　　INDUSSA CORP. v. RELIABLE STAINLESS STEEL SUPPLY CO.　443
　　　H. LYNN WHITE, INC. v. LEFTWICH　446
　　　NORCON POWER PARTNERS, L.P. v. NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORP.　448
　　　CAROLINA CONSULTING CORP. v. AJAX PAVING INDUSTRIES, INC. OF FLORIDA　455
　　Section 4. Anticipatory Breach　458
　　　2401 PENN. AVE. v. FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES　458
　　　QK HEALTHCARE INC. v. INSOURCE, INC.　466
　Chapter 3. Defenses　474
　　Section 1. Changed or Unforeseen Circumstances　474
　　　(a) Impossibility　475
　　　　OPERA CO. OF BOSTON v. WOLF TRAP FOUNDATION
　　　　FOR PERFORMING ARTS　475
　　　　KEL KIM CORP. v. CENTRAL MARKETS, INC.　484
　　　　PHOENIX TITLE & TRUST CO. v. GRIMES　486
　　　(b) Impracticability　489
　　　　NORTHERN INDIANA PUBLIC SERVICE CO. v. CARBON COUNTY COAL CO.　489
　　　　FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO. v. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.　496
　　　(c) Frustration of Purpose　513
　　　　KRELL v. HENRY　513
　　　　CHASE PRECAST CORP. v. JOHN J. PAONESSA CO., INC.　517
　　Section 2. Modification and Novation　521
　　　(a) Modification　521
　　　　ARTHUR J. GALLAGHER & CO. v. DIETERICH　521
　　　　FIELDS EXCAVATING, INC. v. McWANE, INC.　526
　　　(b) Novation　532
　　　　FULCRUM CENTRAL v. AUTOTESTER, INC.　532
　　　　STEWART v. JOHNSON　536
　　　Section 3. Waiver　538
　　　　BILLMAN v. V.I. EQUITIES CORP.　538
　　　　TRELLTEX, INC. v. INTECX, LLC　543
　　　　BMC INDUSTRIES, INC. v. BARTH INDUSTRIES, INC.　548
　　　　QUALITY PRODUCTS AND CONCEPTS CO. v. NAGEL PRECISION, INC.　556
　Chapter 4. Statute of Frauds　562
　　ALA, INC. v. CCAIR, INC.　563
　　ROSSBERG v. BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.　568
　　NELSON v. ELWAY　570

VI. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF THE CONTRACT　575
　Chapter 1. The Expectation Measure　575
　　Section 1. General Principles　576
　　　(a) Measure of Damages in General　576
　　　　HAWKINS v. McGEE　576
　　　　FATHER’S HOUSE INT’L, INC. v. KURGUZ　579
　　　(b) Breach By The Seller　583
　　　　MILWAUKEE VALVE CO., INC. v. MISHAWAKA BRASS MFG., INC.　583
　　　　JEWELL-RUNG AGENCY, INC. v. HADDAD ORGANIZATION, LTD.　587
　　　　MATTER OF LIFEGUARD INDUSTRIES, INC.　592
　　　(c) Breach by the Buyer　596
　　　　R.E. DAVIS CHEMICAL CORP. v. DIASONICS, INC.　596
　　　　NOBS CHEMICAL, U.S.A., INC. v. KOOPERS CO., INC.　601
　　　　MEXAMERICAN HIDES S.A. v. CENTRAL INTERN. CO.　605
　　Section 2. Limitation　608
　　　(a) Foreseeable　609
　　　　HADLEY v. BAXENDALE　609
　　　　O’TOOLE v. NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP.　612
　　　　DAKOTA GRAIN CO., INC. v. EHRMANTROUT　615
　　　　b) Reasonably Certain　620
　　　　HENDRICKS & ASSOCIATES, INC. v. DAEWOO CORP.　620
　　　　FITZ v. COUTINHO　625
　　　(c) Duty to Mitigate Damages　630
　　　　OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS v. RODRIGUEZ　630
　　　　FRENCHTOWN SQUARE PARTNERSHIP v. LEMSTONE, INC.　633
　　　(d) Economic Waste　635
　　　　PEEVYHOUSE v. GARLAND COAL & MIN. CO.　635
　　　　BLB AVIATION SOUTH CAROLINA, LLC v. JET LINX AVIATION, LLC　641
　　Section 3. Liquidated Damages　646
　　　WASSERMAN’S INC. v. TOWNSHIP OF MIDDLETOWN　646
　　　DIFFLEY v. ROYAL PAPERS, INC.　655
　　　SMART OIL, LLC v. DW MAZEL, LLC　657
　Chapter 2. The Reliance Measure　662
　　CHICAGO COLISEUM CLUB v. DEMPSEY　663
　　SECURITY STOVE & MFG. CO. v. AMERICAN RY. EXPRESS CO.　668
　　MERRY GENTLEMAN, LLC v. GEORGE AND LEONA PRODUCTIONS, INC.　675
　Chapter 3. The Restitution Measure　677
　　OCEAN COMMUNICATIONS, INC. v. BUBECK　677
　　FISHKIN v. SUSQUEHANNA PARTNERS, G.P.　680
　Chapter 4. Equitable Measure　683
　　Section 1. Specific Performance　683
　　　FAZZIO v. MASON　684
　　　VAN WAGNER ADV. CORP. v. S & M ENTERS.　691
　　　RUDDOCK v. FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF LAKE FOREST　696
　　　ROQUEMORE & HALL v. MITCHELL BROS.　703
　　　FELCH v. FINDLAY COLLEGE　705
　　Section 2. Injunction　707
　　　ASI BUSINESS SOLUTIONS, INC. v. OTSUKA AMERICA PHARM., INC.　708
　　　MOHANTY v. ST. JOHN HEART CLINIC, S.C.　714
　　　WALGREEN CO. v. SARA CREEK PROPERTY CO.　726
　　Section 3. Rescission and Restitution　729
　　　CARUSO v. MOY　730
　　　LUMSDEN v. LAWING　734
　　　POTTER v. OSTER　741
　　　FAZIO v. CYPRESS/GR HOUSTON I, L.P.　745

I. INTRODUCTION　1

II. FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT　3
　Chapter 1. Intent to be Bound　3
　　LUCY v. ZEHMER　4
　　LEO F. PIAZZA PAVING CO. v. BEBEK & BRKICH　8
　　LEONARD v. PEPSICO, INC.　12
　　KOLODZIEJ v. MASON　16
　Chapter 2. What is an Offer?　22
　　SEARLES v. TRUSTEES OF ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE　23
　　LEFKOWITZ v. GREAT MINNEAPOLIS SURPLUS STORE, INC.　25
　　IZADI v. MACHADO (GUS) FORD, INC.　27
　　DYNO CONST. CO. v. McWANE, INC.　30
　Chapter 3. What is an Acceptance?...