“我思，故我在。”西方近代哲學之父笛卡爾以這一經典命題表明了與前此的傳統哲學決裂，闡揚天賦觀念論和理性至上論。笛卡爾的“我思”具有鮮明的懷疑、否定、判斷的內容，尤其強調以懷疑、否定的精神將“歷來信以為真的一切見解統統清除出去，再從根本上重新開始”。這就撼動了自中世紀以來經院哲學神聖不可侵犯的地位，從而在歐陸引發一場理性主義思潮，宣告啟蒙時代的到來。
大陸理性主義的另一位代表人物斯賓諾莎確信哲學也可以像幾何推理一般以簡潔、明晰的語言來表述；他認為哲學的目的和終結即是倫理學，亦即求得人類最高的善和最大的福祉，因而，他把這部貢獻了一生精力的著作命名為《倫理學》。
作者簡介：
RENE DESCARTES （1596-1650）， a French philosopher and writer who has been called the "Father of Modern Philosophy，" and in particular， his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments.
Descartes is perhaps best known for the philosophical statement "Cogito ergo sum" （I think， therefore I am; or I do think， therefore I do exist）.
BARUCH DE SPINOZA （1632，-1677） was a Dutch philosopher. By laying the groundwork for the i8th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism， he came to be considered one of the great rationalist's of the 17th-century philosophy Gilles Delouse names him "the prince of philosophers."
章節試閱
3
The first objection is that though， would the humor mind reflects on itself， it does not perceive that it is any other than a flunking thing， it does not follow that its nature or essence consists only in its being a thing loch thinks; so that the word ONLY shall exclude all other things which might also perhaps be said to pertain to the nature of the mind. To this objection I reply， that it was not my intention in that place to exclude these according to the order of truth in the matter （of which I did not then treat）， but only according to the order of thought （perception）; so that my meaning was， that I clearly apprehended nothing， so far as I was conscious， as belonging to my essence， except that I was a thinking thing， or a thing possessing in itself the faculty of thinking. But I will show hereafter how， from the consciousness that nothing besides flunking belongs to the essence of the nun， it follows that nothing else does in truth belong to it.
4
The second objection is that it does not follow， from my possessing the idea of a thing more perfect than I am， that the idea itself is more perfect than myself， and much less that what is represented by the idea exists. But I reply that in the term idea there is here something equivocal; for it may be taken either materially for an act of the understanding， and in this sense it cannot be said to be more perfect than I， or objectively， for the thing represented by that act， which， although it be not supposed to exist out of my understanding， may， nevertheless， be more perfect than myself， by reason of its essence. But， in the sequel of this treatise I will show more amply how.
……
3
The first objection is that though， would the humor mind reflects on itself， it does not perceive that it is any other than a flunking thing， it does not follow that its nature or essence consists only in its being a thing loch thinks; so that the word ONLY shall exclude all other things which might also perhaps be said to pertain to the nature of the mind. To this objection I reply， that it was not my intention in that place to exclude these according to the order of truth in the mat...
目錄
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE TO THE READER
SYNOPSIS OF THE SIX FOLLOWING MEDITATIONS
MEDITATION I OF THE THINGS OF WHICH WE
MAY DOUBT
MEDITATION II OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN
MIND; AND THAT IT IS MORE EASILY KNOWN
THAN THE BODY
MEDITATION III OF GOD: THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION IV OF TRUTH AND ERROR
MEDITATION V OF THE ESSENCE OF
MATERIAL THINGS; AND, AGAIN, OF GOD;
THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION VI OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE TO THE READER
SYNOPSIS OF THE SIX FOLLOWING MEDITATIONS
MEDITATION I OF THE THINGS OF WHICH WE
MAY DOUBT
MEDITATION II OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN
MIND; AND THAT IT IS MORE EASILY KNOWN
THAN THE BODY
MEDITATION III OF GOD: THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION IV OF TRUTH AND ERROR
MEDITATION V OF THE ESSENCE OF
MATERIAL THINGS; AND, AGAIN, OF GOD;
THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION VI OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL
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