目錄
Read This First
導讀
Part One
The First Words: Science and Theory
Chapter 1 Human Learning: Science and Theory
This Chapter
Objectives
Psychology and Learning
Learning
Performance Versus Learning
Theory
Theories, Principles, Laws, and Beliefs
Purposes ofTheories
Characteristics of Good Theories
Science and the Development of Psychological Theories
What Is Science?
Rules of the Scientific Method
Experiments
Thinking Critically About Psychological Research
Human and Nonhuman Subjects
Ethics of Animal Research
Humans as Subjects
Learning Theory: A Brief Overview
Recent Origins of Learning Theory
Preview of the Text
Summary
Mostly Behavioristic Theories Chapter 2 Pavlov, Watson, and Guthrie: Early Behaviorism This Chapter Objectives The Beginning of Scientific Psychology Early Psychophysics Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936)Classical Conditioning Explanations for Stimulus-Response Associations Variations in Contiguity Acquisition, Extinction, and Recovery Pavlov's Classical Conditioning: An Appraisal John B. Watson (1878 -1958)Behaviorism A Classical Conditioning Explanation of Learning Emotional Learning Transfer Watson 's Environmentalism Higher Learning Applying Watson's Psychology Watson's Behaviorism: An Appraisal Edwin Guthrie (1886-1959)Guthrie's Law of One-Shot Learning Practice Movement Produced Stimuli (MPS)Habits Forgetting Reward and Punishment Practical Applications of Guthrie's Theory Breaking Habits Guthrie's One-Shot Learning: An Appraisal Early Behavioristic Theories: Evaluation Summary Chapter 3 Thorndike and Hull:The Effects of Behavior This Chapter Objectives Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)Animal lntelligence Contiguity or Reinforcement Thorndike 's Pre-19 3 0s Theory Subsidiary Laws Thorndike 's Post-1930 Theory Thorndike's Connectionism: An Appraisal Clark L. Hull (1884-1952)Hull's System: An Overview Main Components of Hulrs System Graphic Summary of Hulrs System Input Variables : Predictors Intervening Variables Output Variables: The Predicted Fractional Antedating Goal Reactions Habit-Family Hierarchies Hull's Formal Behaviorism: An Appraisal Summary Chapter 4 Skinner's Radical Behaviorism:Operant Conditioning This Chapter Objectives Is Skinner's Radical Behaviorism Antitheoretical?Overview of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism Reinforcement Types of Reinforcement Punishment Illustrations of Reinforcement and Punishment Sources of Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous or Intermittent Reinforcement Effects of Reinforcement Schedules Schedules of Reinforcement in Everyday Life Shaping Chaining Shaping and People Fading, Generalization, and Discrimination Illustration 1: Pigeons Reading Illustration 2: Quail Loving Relevance to Human Learning The Science Applied to Humans Control Through Positive Contingencies Control Through Negative Contingencies Imitation and Operant Conditioning Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation Three Effects of Models Behavior Management Positive Reinforcement and Punisbment Counterconditioning Extinction Imitation Skinner's Position: An Appraisal Contributions Evaluation as a Theory Some Philosophical Objections Summary Chapter 5 Learning and Biology:Evolutionary Psychology This Chapter Objectives Learning Taste Aversions Conditioning Explanations of Taste Aversion The Phenomenon of Blocking Evolutionary Psychology Autoshaping Instinctive Drift Biological Constraints in Evolutionary Psychology Sociobiology: A Branch of Evolutionary Psychology Inclusive Fitness and Altruism Criticisms of Sociobiology Evolutionary Psychology: An Appraisal Biofeedback: A Practical Application of Conditioning Theories Operant Conditioning and Autonomic Responses How Biofeedback Works The Beginning of a Transition Summary The Beginnings of Modern Cognitivism Chapter 6 Hebb, Tolman, and the Gestaltists:Toward Modern Cognitivism This Chapter Objectives Hebb's Theory: A Look at Higher Mental Processes Higher Mental Processes The Neurological Basis of Learning Components and Functioning of the Central Nervous System Possible Neurological Changes Underlying Learning Hebb 's Neurophysiological Assumptions Reactivity and Plasticity Mediating Processes: Hypotheses and Assumptions Hebb's View of Learning and Thinking Set and Attention Hebb 's Theory: An Appraisal From Behaviorism to Cognitivism Mechanistic Behaviorism Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism Do Rats Have Purpose?Four Summary Principles Tolman 's Purposive Behaviorism: An Appraisal Basic Beliefs of Gestalt Psychology Insight Versus Trial and Error The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of lts Parts Gestalt Theory: The Laws of Perception Gestalt Views of Learning and Memory Beyond Perception: The Psychological Field
Read This First
導讀
Part One
The First Words: Science and Theory
Chapter 1 Human Learning: Science and Theory
This Chapter
Objectives
Psychology and Learning
Learning
Performance Versus Learning
Theory
Theories, Principles, Laws, and Beliefs
Purposes ofTheories
Characteristics of Good Theories
Science and the Development of Psychological Theories
What Is Science?
Rules of the Scientific Method
Experiments
Thinking Critically About Psychological Research
Human and Nonhuman Subj...