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二手徵求有驚喜
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觀念3：初級生長增長根與莖（Primary Growth Lengthens Roots and Shoots）
1.下列關於植物“根”的描述，何者正確？〈88後中醫〉
A.根毛成熟以後將轉變為支根
B.根的橫切面構造由內而外依次為中柱、內層、內皮、表皮
C.根的縱切面構造由下而上依次為根冠、生長點、延長部及成熟部
D.不定根是由根的周鞘之分生組織生長而來
2.單子葉（monocot）和雙子葉（dicot）植物在根部的構造上，在下列哪一項有最明顯的不同？〈93私醫〉
A.木質部（xylem）
B.外皮層（exodermis）
C.皮層（dermis）
D.柱鞘（pericycle）
3.Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?〈94後西醫〉
A.xylem --- a kind of vascular tissue that transports water and minerals
B.phloem --- a kind of vascular tissue that transports sugar
C.periderm --- protective coat of woody stems and roots
D.pericycle --- watereproof ring of cells surronding central stele in roots
E.fiber --- a kind of sclerenchyma cell with secondary walls
4.導管細胞（vessel element）會在根部的哪個區域喪失原生質體（protoplast）？〈103慈濟醫、93私醫〉
A.根冠區
B.細胞分裂區
C.延長區
D.成熟區
5.關於植物根、莖、葉三大基本器官的敘述，下列何者錯誤？〈103中國醫〉
A.根的構造由根尖而上依序是細胞分裂區（zone of cell division）、分化區（zone of differentiation）、延長區（zone of elongation）
B.側根的形成是由維管柱 (vascular cylinder)最外層的周鞘 (pericycle)長出，並非從根的表面長出
C.典型真雙子葉植物之莖部橫切面中，維管束排列成環狀
D.木本植物之次級生長增加莖與根的直徑，但次級生長不常發生在葉部
E.大多數單子葉植物之葉脈以平行方式排列
6.The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily ______.〈105後西醫、99義守醫〉
A.the elongation of root hairs
B.continuous cell division of root cap cells
C.elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem
D.continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root
E.continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem
7.有關植物的敘述，下列何者錯誤？〈106中國醫〉
A.玉米種子只有一枚子葉（cotyledon）
B.植物根的成熟區（area of maturation）緊鄰根尖分生組織（root apical meristem）
C.植物細胞擴展的方向，取決於細胞壁中纖維素微纖維（cellulose microfibrils）的排列方式
D.植物的基本組織（ground tissue）位於表皮組織（dermal tissue）和維管束組織（vascular tissue）之間
E.根毛分布於根的成熟區
8. Which cells in a plant root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast?〈108後西醫〉
A.Cortex
B.Pericycle
C.Epidermis
D.Endodermis
E.Exodermis
觀念19：感覺受器轉換刺激的能量並將訊息傳遞至中樞神經系統（Sensory Receptors Transduce Stimulus Energy and Transmit Signals to the Central Nervous System）
1.現在很流行做蒸氣浴；剛進入蒸氣室時，你可能會覺得非常、非常熱，但是經過一段時間後，就不會覺得那麼熱了。這是因為〈93私醫〉
A.太熱了，身體的溫覺接受器（thermoreceptors）已經受到傷害了
B.因為經過一段時間後，溫覺接受器產生了適應性（adaptation）
C.因為經過一段時間後，溫覺接受器產生去活化現象（inactivation）
D.因為經過一段時間後，接受訊息的大腦皮質已經產生適應性
2.What do hearing, touch, and smell have in common?〈95後西醫〉
A.The transducers are all proprioceptors.
B.The sensory information from all three is sent to the thalamus.
C.The sensory receptors are all hair cells.
D.Sensory energy is transduced to form a receptor potential.
E.Only A and B are correct.
3.Which of the following is a good example of sensory adaptation?〈95後西醫〉
A.hair cells in the utricle and saccule responding to a change in orientation when you bend your neck forward after you have been reading a book
B.hair cells in the organ of Corti not responding to high-pitched sounds after you have worked on the same construction job for 30 years
C.immediately after putting in a shirt, your skin feels itchy. However, the itching stops after a few minutes and you are unaware that you are wearing a shirt
D.cones in the human eye failing to respond to light in the infrared range
E.rods in the human eye responding to mechanical stimulation from a blow to the back of the head so that a flash of light is perceived
4.Which of the following descriptions regarding sensory receptors is correct?〈107後西醫〉
A.Sense of smell is generated through mechanoreceptors.
B.Vision is generated through chemoreceptors.
C.Thermoreceptors detect change of pressures.
D.Nocireceptors detect pain feelings.
E.Photoreceptors detect sense of taste.
5.Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?〈108後西醫〉
A.Photoreceptor —rod cell in retina
B.Nociceptor —muscle spindle
C.Chemoreceptor —taste receptor in tongue
D.Mechanoreceptor —hair cell in cochlea
E.Electroreceptor —hair cell in ampulla of Lorenzini
6.關於人體感覺器官或感覺受器（sensory receptors）的描述，下列何者正確？〈111私醫〉
A.聽覺受器位於內耳前庭
B.觸壓受器位於皮膚真皮層
C.光感受器位於水晶體
D.肌腱內之高基氏肌腱器（Golgi tendon organ）屬於內部受器（interoceptors）
7.How does the sensory neurons transmit stimulation strength to the central nervous system?〈113中山後西醫〉
A.duration of the depolarization phase in the action potential.
B.the frequency of its action potentials.
C.the peak of the depolarization phase of an action potential.
D.how fast is neurotransmitter released from one action potential.
E.the lowest point of the hyperpolarization of an action potential.
8.Which description accurately characterizes the Vomeronasal organ?〈113清華後西醫〉
A.Located at the top of the nasal cavity in humans.
B.Expresses a large number of olfactory receptors.
C.Only exists in mammals.
D.Specific for pheromone detection.
E.All of the above.
9.對於不同強度的感覺刺激，神經纖維的主要變化參數為何？〈114義守醫〉
A.動作電位的頻率（frequency）
B.動作電位的強度（amplitude）
C.動作電位的間期（duration）
D.受體電位的潛伏期（latency）
觀念55：有性生殖與無性生殖均會發生於動物界
（Both Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Occur in the Animal Kingdom）
1.What do budding and fragmentation have in common?〈96後西醫〉
A.Both are types of asexual reproduction
B.Both produce large numbers of offspring
C.Both occur in sea stars
D.Both involve mitosis
E.Both A and D
2.In many species, the females can reproduce by the process of parthenogenesis. Then why do males persist in those species?〈97後西醫〉
A.defense
B.to increase the number of offspring produced
C.to assist in rearing of the offspring
D.to decrease the chance of infertility
E.to ensure genetic diversity
3.How does the occurrence of self-fertilization relative to cross-fertilization affect the fixation of an advantageous and recessive allele that newly arose in population by mutation?〈99後西醫〉
A.The relative occurrence of self-fertilization does not affect the fixation of the allele.
B.The relative occurrence of self-fertilization affects the fixation of the allele only when the population is very small.
C.The allele will be fixed more quickly when the occurrence of self-fertilization is higher.
D.The allele will be fixed more quickly when the occurrence of self-fertilization is lower.
E.The allele will be fixed more quickly when the occurrence of cross-fertilization is higher.
4.In which of the following conditions, asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction?〈108後西醫〉
A.When pathogens are rapidly diversifying.
B.When a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations.
C.When there is some potential for rapid overpopulation.
D.When a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings.
E.When a species is in stable and favorable environments.
5. Which of the following statements about parthenogenesis is correct?〈114清華後西醫〉
A.Parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction, always results in the production of genetically identical offspring, similar to cloning.
B.In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, females are produced from unfertilized eggs, while males are produced from fertilized eggs.
C.In parthenogenesis, offspring produced are always genetically diverse due to the random combination of chromosomes during egg formation.
D.Artificially induced parthenogenesis through electric stimulation can lead to the development of embryos from unfertilized eggs in mammals.
E.Parthenogenesis is a common reproductive strategy in most mammalian species, including primates.
6. Which of the following statements best describes the process of hermaphroditism in animals?〈114高醫後西醫〉
A.An individual produces only male gametes during its lifetime.
B.An individual produces only female gametes during its lifetime.
C.An individual produces both male and female gametes.
D.An individual alternates between producing male and female gametes at different times.
E.An individual reproduces asexually via fragmentation.
觀念56：受精作用基於同種生物將精子與卵子結合的機制
（Fertilization Depends on Mechanisms that Bring Together Sperm and Eggs of the Same Species）
1.What advantage does internal fertilization have compared with external fertilization?〈97後西醫〉
A.Usually a smaller number of genes are present, which promotes genetic stability
B.Usually many offspring are produced, ensuring survival of the species
C.The time and energy devoted to reproduction is decreased
D.The increased survival rate results in rapid population increases
E.The smaller number of offspring often receive a greater amount of parental protection
2.Which of the following statements about fruit fly is FALSE?〈104後西醫〉
A.Spermatheca can be used to store sperm in male fly.
B.Defective expression of Hox genes suppresses the embryonic development.
C.The courtship behaviors include orienting, tapping and singing.
D.Toll receptor leads to synthesis of antimicrobial peptides against fungi.
E.Drosophila melanogaster has a diploid number of 8.
3.為了增加繁殖成功率，種子植物演化出由親本植物釋出種子，於適當環境中萌發。下列哪種動物生殖”策略最有可能與種子的產生相提並論？〈107慈濟醫〉
A.卵生繁殖
B.卵胎生繁殖
C.胎生繁殖
D.孤雌生殖
觀念57：生殖器官產生並傳送配子
（Reproductive Organs Produce and Transport Gametes）
1.下列何者是男性生殖系統和排泄系統共同的部位？〈90私醫〉
A.副睪
B.前列腺
C.輸尿管
D.尿道
2.In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become _____.〈101後西醫〉
A.the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses
B.a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
C.the thickened portion of the uterine wall
D.swept into the fallopian tube
E.the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus
F.精子獲得活動力而成熟的地方為：〈107義守醫〉
A.睪丸（testis）
B.曲細精管（seminiferous tubule）
C.附睪（epididymis）
D.儲精囊（seminal vesicle）
4.現代社會的生活及科技檢測之發展，發現有些婦女因為子宮肌瘤的困擾及造成長期的疼痛，在不得以的情況及專業醫師考量下而切除子宮，對於這些婦女，下列敘述何者最正確？〈112中國醫〉
A.不能排卵，第二性徵正常
B.正常排卵，第二性徵正常
C.不能排卵，第二性徵不正常
D.正常排卵，第二性徵不正常
5.Which molecule is correctly paired with its function?〈113中興後西醫〉
A.glucocorticoids--decrease blood glucose
B.nitric oxide-increases blood flow into the penis
C.parathyroid hormone--lowers blood calcium
D.aldosterone--increases sodium excretion by kidneys
E.norepinephrine--reduces heart rate
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